Rules for You Put All of Your Company’s Products Essay Example for Free

Rules for You Put All of Your Companys Products Essay erstwhile you put all of your bon tons products into their respective categories, you then consider these rules 1. Starsinvest your marketing dollars in these since they could become dominant market leaders 2. specie Cowsmilk these to provide the bills to invest in your stars and a few question marks 3. Question Marksinvest in the some promising of these as well but only a few 4. Dogscut the leash and let these go to the highest bidder for some much needed specie To illustrate, imagine that youre Coca-Cola. Your portfolio might look something like this Question Markyour energy drink brand (Full Throttle) ? Staryour bottled water (Dasani) ? Cash Cowyour namesake indulgent drink (Coca-Cola) ? Dogyour sweetened juice drink (Hi-C) As Coca-Colas CMO, you would use income from Coke to invest primarily in Dasani and Full Throttle, while face to sell off Hi-C to some private equity fund with too much cash on its hands. But be fore you rush off and fail reallocating your dinero, consider these caveats Caveat 1 Markets change with the economy and other conditions sometimes very quickly.What if consumers make a massive shift from bottled water to tap water, as many municipal governments are doing? Dasani is doomed. Or what ifTiki Bar TVuses Hi-C as a drink mixer, making it a hip and trendy drink amongst geeks overnight? Your dog is now a star Caveat 2 One companys dog is another companys cash alarm (or better). Some investors have struck gold by buying another companys dogs. In 2003, Nike bought troubled Converse for only $305 million (less than what the word-painting Iron Man earned in two months).Tips Invest for sales growth and market share. Use cash from Cash Cows to support mandatory investments. Star examples Apple = iPhone Coca-Cola = Vitamin Water Cash Cows Low Growth, High Market Share pic Foundation of the company and Stars of yesterday Generate more cash than required Extract profits by i nvesting as little cash as possible located in an industry that is mature and not growing or declining Tips Maintain the strong market position and defend your market share. Take advantage of sales volume and leverage the size of operations. tide over other businesses. Cash Cow examples Apple = iPods Coca-Cola = Coca-Cola Classic Dogs Low Growth, Low Market Share pic Cash traps Do not have potential to amaze in much cash Number of dogs in country should be minimalized Business is situated at a declining stage Tips Optimize your current operations. induct rid of all non value added activities and features. Reposition your offering to generate positive cash flow or sell this business. Dog examples Apple = Since good company should not have any dogs Coca-Cola = New Coke

Training and development Essay Example for Free

Training and learning EssayOrientation Period All fresh and promotes employees take part in an orientation distributor point. The reason of the orientation period is to greet employees to The Cornell cooperative Extension Association and to publicize them with the Association and their fresh occupancys and responsibilities. The beginning of the orientation period may even off of a tour of the facility, introduction to coworkers, distribution and review of the employee manual, and enrollment in benefits, if applicable. Along with that, the employees manager will analyze the performance prospect of the job and plan on-the-job training and development. During the complete orientation period, the Association will assess and supply on-going feedback comparative to the latest staff members presentation. The Association will then decide whether or not the new staff member will be kept hold of. The new staff member will have the discover to choose whether or not she/he wishes to continue with the service associated with the Association. The orientation period is not an agreement of service for any set phase of time. exempt staff members provide a least orientation period of twelve months.Non-exempt staff members serve an orientation period of up to six months. All through with(predicate) the orientation period, the employees supervisor monitors, provides feedback and coaching, and evaluates the employees job performance, work habits, attendance, cooperation, and potential for development in the position. Staff members get a written notice if they are not to be kept held by the Association through the orientation or if the orientation period is to be lengthened. http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HR indemnity/310%20(A). htm.Performance Development Professional expansion prospects supply for the unremitting enlargement and knowledge of employees and, in turn, improve their involvements to the association. Successful proficient development strate gies occupy the employee, his/her supervisor, the Association, and Extension Administration. Any staff member has the accountability to look for accounting of roles and responsibilities at any occasion when there is hesitation or perplexity surrounding performance prospects during the supervisor or Association. Promotions and Transfers.Cornell Cooperative Extension supports the career development and expansion of its employees by allowing employees for promotions and transfers to other places. It is the objective of the Association to utilize worthwhile workers whose documentations and knowledge go with the requirements of the bit. The Association normally employs both internal and external candidates for job opportunities. Program and administrative requirements of the Association may involve a worker being allocated latest responsibilities, roles and accountabilities at any time. http//counties. cce. cornell.edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/312%20(A). htm.Separating from Employment To gua rantee an even interpolate an employee who proposes to expire from service with Cornell Cooperative Extension is appealed to present a written notice to the employees supervisor at least two workweeks prior to the date of leniency is to be efficient. Supervisory staff is demanded to provide a minimum of four workweeks written notice. Retirement is a partition of service when the member of staff chooses to buy up withdrawal advantages under his or her retirement benefit plan. A written exit interview form is supplied to the worker.In the exit interview form, the worker is advance to offer suggestions, concerns, and constructive recommendations about the Association and its policies. An employees final paycheck for all hours worked is given on the next habitually planned pay twenty-four hours after the employees fit day of work. http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/315%20(A). htm Substance Free Workplace It is Associations ambition to supply a drug- and alcohol-f ree and smoke free, healthy, and safe workplace. Employees are needed to account to work in a satisfactory mental and physical situation to carry out their jobs in a reasonable approach.An employee is banned from carrying, using, selling, purchasing, storing, distributing, manufacturing, or having alcoholic beverages, illegal drugs, controlled substances, or narcotics present in the employees system when reporting to work, during working hours, or at any time while conducting official business-related activities. An employee should account any troubles in the place of work that risk as a consequence of alcohol or drugs to the employees supervisor straight away. http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/905%20(A). htm.Compensation Workers Compensation Workers Compensation indemnification is a unseasoned York State-required agenda planned to defend the pecuniary steadiness and to cover medical bills of employees who experience an unintentional damage or dingyness happ ening out of and in the route of service, as determined by the Workers Compensation Board. Any misplaced time must be accept by a physicians certificate. Compensation payments are carried out by the State Insurance inventory as a repayment to the Association in agreement with the following salary persistence policyIf the injury/illness lasts 7 calendar days or less The employee will be paid at full salary and sick leave will not be charged against the employee. The Association is not reimbursed by the State Insurance Fund for the missed days. If the injury/illness lasts more than 7 calendar days, but not more than 14 Beginning with the eighth day, the association compensates the employee at 2/3 pay for missed days. The State Insurance Fund will only reimburse the association for up to 2/3 of the employees average weekly salary for those days missed beyond the first base seven.The employee may elect to use accrued sick leave to supplement the 2/3 pay from the association. If the i njury/illness lasts more than 14 calendar days The Association will continue to pay the employee at 2/3 pay. The Association will be reimbursed by the State Insurance Fund for up to 2/3 of the employees average weekly salary (including the first 7 days). Again, the employee may elect to use 1/3 accrued sick leave to supplement the 2/3 pay from the Association. http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/605%20(A).htm Position Classification and Pay Rates.The Association employs the Cornell Cooperative Extension System Classification Model. Each situation surrounded by the Association is allocated a classification payroll title thoughtful of the positions position and responsibilities. Rates of pay are recognized by the Association in agreement with the Association Compensation Program. The Associations goal is to pay severally employee moderately supported upon presentation and monetary potential and dependable with job responsibilities.The payroll period begins on Thursda y and ends 14 calendar days later on Wednesday for non-exempt. For Exempt, the first payroll period begins on the first day of the month and continues through the 15th of that month. The second payroll period begins on the 16th day of the month and continues through the last day of the month. Appraisal Benefits Administration The Association offer its employees a complete benefits parcel. Eligibility for benefits is reliant upon numerous factors, including employment classification and length of service.Benefits are administered according to beguile administration guideline, insurance carrier master policy, plan document, or Association policy. In addition, the Association has the right to decide suitability for benefits and to understand the terms of each plan or Association policy. The Association reserves the right to put in, adjust, or finish benefits for all present, previous, and retired employees at any time. http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/801%20(A). ht mReferences CCETC HR Policy manual of arms jurisprudence 101 http//counties. cce. cornell.edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/101%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual cipher 301 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/301(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 302 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/302%20(A). htm.Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 303 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/303%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 304 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/304%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006.CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 308 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/308%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETompkins. org Your Page http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/employment/staffDev. htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 310 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/310%20(A). htm Acc essed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 312 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/312%20(A). htm.Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 315 http//counties. cce.cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/315%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 605 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/605%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 801 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/801%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 905 http//counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/905%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CLAAbout CLA CLA Position Statements Human Resource Management Practices ttp//www. cla. ca/about/human.htm Accessed October 4, 2006 Compensation Internet Guide http//www. hr-guide. com/compensation. htm Accessed October 4, 2006 Cornell Cooperative Extension http//www. cce. cornell. edu/about_extension/ Accessed October 4, 2006 Human Resources Management ttp//www. managementhelp. org/hr_mgmnt/hr_mgmnt. htm Accessed October 4, 2006 Human resources Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ttp//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personnel Accessed October 4, 2006 Office of Human Capital Management Homepage http//www. usda. gov/da/employ. html Accessed October 4, 2006.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Essay Example for Free

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus EssaySystemic lupus erythematosus (disseminated lupus erythematosus) is a chronic insurgent disease which may affect many different organs and tissues in the body. Women of child bearing age atomic number 18 typic eithery affected, still individuals of any age, sex, or race may develop the disease. SLE while uncommon, is not rare, with an estimated disease prevalence of 1 in every 2,000 population. It is a condition which appears to be change magnitude in prominence especially over the last 15 to 20 years.This is likely explained by the earlier recognition of milder cases because of increased patient and physician cognizance and by the enhanced availability of sensitive laboratory tests reformative in the diagnosis. Although the exact cause is not known, most of the features of the disease seem to be collectible to a fundamental abnormality of the bodys immune system. The immune system is the bodys defence mechanism against foreign substances entering the body.It depends on the formation of compounds called antibodies and on hite cells called lymphocytes which rise to the falsification of the body in case of invasion by foreign agents such as germs or viruses. This is a normal and desirable process in the wakeless individual. In patients with SLE, there seems to be a defect in the bodys immune system whereby antibodies are mistakenly formed against the bodys own tissues. This leads to inflammation and damage in the tissues so affected.Patients with SLE can be identified by the presence of these abnormal antibodies in their parenthood stream. It is not clear what triggers this immune abnormality but several factors seem to be contributory in some patients. These include infection, hormonal, genetic, and unidentified environmental factors. Some drugs including those used for the treatment of tuberculosis (isoniazid), high blood pressure (hydralazine), and convulsions (dilantin) have also occasionally been associated wi th the development of SLE.Clinical Features The majority of patients with SLE have very mild symptoms which can be easily controlled with straightforward measures. A small minority have more serious manifestations which may require more aggressive forms of treatment. The seriousness of the disease is frequently related to the graphic symbol and number of organs affected. The following is a summary of some of the signs and symptoms that may occur in lupus patients grouped according to the organs or tissues affected general symptomsFever and unusual fatigue occur in up to 80 or 90% of SLE patients at some time during the flux of their illness. fur rash a very common feature occurring in many patients. The classic rash is called a butterfly rash because it occurs in a butterfly-like make up over the bridge of the nose and cheeks. This type of rash is in fact quite uncommon with most lupus rashes being far less specific and occurring anywhere on the body but especially over sun ex posed areas. Many lupus rashes appear to be provoked or aggravated by mold sun exposure.Sores may also occur in the nose and mouth, and scalp hair loss may occur in some individuals. In a closely related condition called discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), the rash may arise as distinct scaly and reddish patches which may heal with scarring. Patients with DLE are frequently otherwise well. They demonstrate few, if any, of the symptoms of SLE and usually have a nearly normal laboratory profile. Joints stiffness, pain, and swelling may commonly occur. Unlike woebegone arthritis however, permanent damage to the joints is almost unheard of.Membranes of the heart and lungs, the linings of the heart and lungs may occasionally become inflamed in SLE patients leading to sharp breast pains and shortness of breath. If it involves the lung, the condition is called pleuritis. If it affects the heart, the condition is called pericarditis. Blood cells a number of abnormalities may occur in th e blood including anaemia or a ensconce in the red blood cell count and/or falls in the white cell count or platelet count (particles in the blood that help with clotting) and thus lead to potential problems with bleeding.Kidneys often a sign of more serious disease, inflammation of the kidney may lead to loss of protein in the urine, increased blood pressure and occasionally kidney failure. Brain and nerves fortunately, a relatively rare problem, patients so affected may have trouble with headaches convulsions, emotional disturbances, weakness or numbness of the extremities. Diagnosis The diagnosis of SLE is suspected in any individual who presents with one or more of the clinical features defined above.A diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests which show the presence of one or more abnormal circulating antibodies in the blood stream. These antibodies may be directed against any tissue in the body. The most important of these however, is an antibody directed against the cent re or nucleus of the cells in the body, the so-called anti-nuclear antibody or ANA. genus Anas are normally not present or present only in barely detectable quantities in healthy individuals. Thus, this test is very helpful to the doctor if he is suspicious about the possibility of SLE.It is very important however, to stress that the presence of ANAs doesnt specifically point to a diagnosis of SLE since abnormal antibodies of this type may occur in other conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, certain infections and inflammation of the liver. Thus the diagnosis of SLE requires both(prenominal) the presence of abnormal antibodies (especially ANAs) as well as signs and symptoms suggesting inflammation of several organs or tissues in the body. Although, all lupus patients have elevated levels of ANA, not all people with elevated ANA have lupus.Increased levels of ANA generally indicate that the physician should follow up with an anti-DNA antibody test. To assist in the diagnosis of S LE, the American Rheumatism affiliation (ARA) in 1982 adopted a set of criteria for the classification of this disease. (See Table 1) It should be noted that while a variable number of these features may occur during the course of the disease, they need not occur at the same time. Moreover, it is quite unpredictable as to which patient may develop which particular symptom or separate of symptoms at any particular time.

Proposal to De-criminalise Recreational Cannabis Use in Australia

Proposal to De-criminalise Recreational Cannabis hire in AustraliaIn Australia there is a metaphorical war on medicates that has failed comprehensively and as a result there is an ever-increasing level of support for the impetus for medicine re appoint.1 thither atomic number 18 a plethora of medicine offences that relate to hangmans rope and a variety of statutory doctrines covered by both Commonwealth and State Law which assist in the prosecution of drug offences. The following report includes an overview of drug offences in NSW with a focus on hempen necktie. As intimately as an examination of policy issues associated with the criminalisation of recreational hempen necktie and potential insecuritys and benefits related with election sub judice frameworks, in addition to a recommendation relating to the decriminalisation of hangmans rope. dose OffencesThe drug offencescovered under the Drug Mis employ and TraffickingAct 1966 (NSW) (DMTA) include use, possession, sup ply, trafficking, shade and manufacturing of tabu plants and drugs as well as aidingand abetting and taking part in offences involving proscribed drugs and/orplants. These laws apply to cannabis as the substance is a prohibited drug asspecified in Schedule 1 of the DMTA andis a prohibited plant as outlined in s 3. Additionally, cannabis is a poisonsand can be found under s 8 of the Poisonsand Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 (NSW), cannabis is a Schedule Nine substanceand therefore is a substance which may be mis employ or twist aroundd and themanufacture, possession, sale and/or use is prohibited by law2 nether s 40 of the DMTA the deemed drug provision, makesit an offence to attempt to supply or misrepresent a legal substance as an air sickicit drug e.g. representing parsley as cannabis. The rendering of supply ins 3 makes the offence complete upon making the offer contrary to whether supplyeventuates or whether there was an intention to supply is irrelevant. Under s29 of the DMTA w here a person isfound to be in possession of a certain amount of a prohibited drug it is sham that they are a drug trafficker, for cannabis leaf this weight is300grams and the onus falls on the accused to prove early(a)wisewise. Traffickableoffences also include possession of prohibited plants (s 23) and supply ofprohibited drugs (s 25) as outlined in the DMTAand carry fines of 2,000 penalty units and/or 10 years imprisonment. DMTA prohibits the manufacture, supply,possession and/or use of prohibited drugs including cannabis. There are avariety of drug offences in NSW. As outlined in Pt 2 Div 1 of the DMTA including possession (s 10) and self-administration(s 12) which are summary offences and mean value that an individual is liable for afine of 20 penalty units and/or 2 years imprisonment (s 21).3 Unders 11 of the DMTA it is an offence tobe in possession of equipment for administration of prohibited drugs. The Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1996 (NSW) also assists in theprosec ution of drug offences as it regulates, controls and prohibits the supplyand use of different categories of drugs of which cannabis is classified as adrug of addiction thus a prohibited substance under Schedule 9 of the PoisonsAct. The higher up-mentioned statutory doctrines must also coincide with theelements of criminal offences mens rea and actus reus before a person isfound guilty.Major policy issuesStatutorydoctrines and court decisions created to assist in the prosecution of drugoffences have contributed to the over criminalisation of drug-relatedbehaviours. Drug policy in NSW is increasingly annoyanceed with promotingapproaches to minimise health risks and other defiles caused by the use ofcannabis and other legal and prohibited drugs.4There are a number of practical and ethical policy issues that are associatedwith the criminalisation of cannabis. Many policy issues arise regarding vilifyminimisation with therapeutic criminalisation and harm minimisation. Thisincludes the Cannabis Cautioning Scheme (CCS)which was introduced in 2000 and is a formal cautioning of adult offendersdetected for minor offences relating to cannabis. As well as the MedicinalCannabis Compassionate part Scheme (MCCUS)which allows police to use their discretion as whether or not to cautionterminally ill patients.5 Other policyissues that arise as a result of criminalisation include a lack of medicalsupervision inevitably leading to the sprinkle to preventable disease, overdosedeaths, adulterated substances, drug related violence, distraction of policeresources. Prohibition is counterproductive it causes significant harmsadditional to those resulting from drug use instead of funding for health andsocial services funding is diverted to law enforcement, prosecution andincarceration.6 There are concerns as to criminalisation overtargeting many low risk offenders such as those dealt with under the CCS.7This encroaches on users feelings of personal and financial security as i t isoften low level offences that are being dealt with pushing users still intopoverty.8 Thereis a slow movement in Australia to decriminalise cannabis however the CCS is a punishment sodisproportionate, because even if you end up having no real penalty you have acharge, the impact on employment opportunities and family can be lifelong.9The purpose of criminalisation is often questioned and policy is concerned aswhether there are benefits to criminalisation or whether criminalisation is utilise as it is a highly visible solution to real and perceived harmsand risks associated with the recreational use of cannabis.10 Theframework is increasingly utilised as it can be enacted quickly, is visible andis often correlated with a strong commandment. It is a common opinion that theNSW governing body are contradicting their actions and intentions betweenattempting to criminalise cannabis while minimising the harms associated withdrug use which is supported by Tadeh Karapetians statement t he judicaturesobjective of minimising harm has been depraved by the criminalisation policy,through the stigmatisation of cannabis users, the preservation of the blackmarket, the limitations of diversion schemes and the restriction of medicinaluse. 11 Recently, theCourt of Criminal Appeal in NSW, all-embracing criminal liability for drug offences,fortunately, the High Court prevented on over reaching prosecution attempts toextend criminal liability in drug offences. In the case of Burns v The Queen the High Court found that unlawfully supplying adrug to someone does not by itself, form the basis for unlawful and dangerousact manslaughter.12 However, if supplying a drug did amount tomanslaughter, over criminalisation would occur. As a result, users andsuppliers would be more loth(p) to call authorities for assistance for fearof being penalised and the criminal justice arrangement would be over-exhausted andburdened as a result.13 It is estimatedthat Australians spend over $7 billi on on cannabis annually, this is a concernfor the Government as they are losing out on a potential revenue stream bycriminalising cannabis use.14The National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2013 found that the recent use ofcannabis in NSW dropped from 16.7% in 1998 to 9.5% in 2013, this is a concernfor policy makers as it cannot be concluded that the data does not support thenotion that a criminalisation policy is more effective in preventing cannabisuse.15While the current policy criminalises the use of cannabis, policy is graduallyde-criminalising cannabis and central to the policy debate is the belief thatcannabis is a gateway drug that raises concerns as to what other drugs usersmay be exposed to if cannabis is de-criminalised.16 Alternative Legal FrameworksA national drugpolicy has been implemented in Australia since 1985 and accepts that the annihilation of illegal drug use is not achievable. Instead it aims to minimiseharm by reducing demand and supply.17Thereare multiple diff erent legal frameworks the govern the use and supply of drugsDepenalisationmeans drug use and possession carry lighter criminal penalties, whilst drugsupply remains a criminal offence.18 Abenefit of this framework is that drug supply is still illegal which may assistin reducing the amount of cannabis that is supplied to users. Another benefitis that users are able to use the drug with a lesser penalty which may detersome users. Conversely, due to the lesser penalty, users may use cannabis kinda than a drug that has harsher penalties. This will be detrimental to thegovernment as they will be spending money in order to assist in imposinglighter penalties such as offering drug education and treatment services.19 Decriminalisationresults in drug use and possession no endless carrying criminal penalties butare replaced with civil penalties. Those who use or possess drugs may still becharged especially if fines are not paying(a) or attending assessments are notcomplied with.20The supply of drugs is still a criminal offence. Many politicians are concernedthat the decriminalisation of cannabis would send the misuse message.21Additionally, researches have supported this argument, arguing that removingcriminal penalties would lead to increased drug use, with harms falling hardeston the deprived communities that are already the most damaged by drug-relatedproblems.22Conversely, research undertaken in Sweden has shown that as a result ofdecriminalisation, drug use does not increase among existing or new users, butreduces demand on, and the equal of the criminal justice system.23 Theremay be reductions in problematic drug use, drug-related HIV and AIDS, deathsand reduced social costs of responding to drugs.24However, the way decriminalisation is implemented may affect the extent ofnet-widening which is an increase in the number of people arrested or charged.25 Legalisation theuse and supply of cannabis is legal.26 Approximatelyone in four Australians (26%) believe that the recreational use of cannabisshould be legal.27The biggest risk is that supplying the drug is legalised. This makes itdifficult to control the risks and harms associated with cannabis. Many peoplemay abuse the legalisation of cannabis and treat it as a gateway drug toharsher and riskier drugs. It may result in reducing black market and criminalnetworks associated with cannabis drug trading, shift in responses and fundingfrom the police and the criminal justice system towards heath, treatment andeducation programs. The taxes raised from the legalisation of cannabis could beused for the benefit of the community. By legalising cannabis there may be asignificant increase in drug use, based on the harms and costs associated withlegal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco. RecommendationIt is essential that Governments recognises that they cannot strictly control the behaviour of citizens.28 In response to the War on Drugs, the government needs to aim ending the criminalization, marginal ization and stigmatization of people who use drugs but who do no harm to others and Encourage experimentation by governments with models of legal regulation of drugs to undermine the power of organized crime and safeguard the health and security of their citizens.29 The civil penalty applicable to minor cannabis offences creates fairness and justice as it is a more proportionate response. As a result, criminal justice resources will be freed up and civil penalties will generate a revenue for the NSW Government. The tho way toachieve goals of rational drug policy is to replace black market for drugs withform of legal availability under highly regulated system, this means that theNSW government should adopt the non-commercial model which is popular inUruguay, and allows the government to retain control over the production andsale of cannabis.30 Thereshould be a minimum age purchase such as 21 in the case of Colorado or 18 inUruguay.31The drug should be purchased through pharmacies, w ith there being a limit onhow much can be purchased per month as well as the purity, what forms it can besold, the preparedness and responsibilities of suppliers, education about the drugand much more.32ConclusionAs a result of theineffective war on drugs, there has been a global movement for drug lawreform.33 FormerVictorian police commissioner Ken Lay, has explained that you cant arrestyour way out of this problem, showing the need for the NSW Government toreconsider the drug policy in regards to the recreational use of cannabis.34The key drug offences and major policy issues associated with the recreationaluse of cannabis is over criminalising and as a result placing strain on lawenforcement and users. The government needs to be more concerned with harmminimisation rather than prohibition because drug law enforcement has hadlittle impact on the Australian drug market.35In conclusion, with the application of sensible and reasonably strict criteriathe decriminalisation of cannabis for recreational cannabis would benefit theNSW justice system, users and the community.BibliographyA Articles/Books/ReportsAustralianInstitute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government, intoxicant & otherdrug treatment services (2018) CaitlinHughes and Alison Ritter, A Summary of enjoyment Programs for Drug and Drug-Related Offenders in Australia (2008)National Drug and Alcohol research CentreCannabis legalisation what model for regulation?(7 December 2017) Alcohol and Drug rootCentrefor Medicinal Cannabis Research and Innovation, Review of the Medicinal Cannabis Compassionate Use Scheme (2016)NSW GovernmentConrad,Chris, Hemp for Health The Medicinal andnutritional Uses of Cannabis Sativa (Healing Arts Press, Rochester, 1997)Drug Programs and Initiatives(2018) NSW GovernmentFeatherston,James, Simon Lenton, Effects of the Western Australian Cannabis InfringementNotice Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledge and Use Comparison of Pre- andPost-Change info (2007) National Drug Res earch Institute Curtin and CurtinUniversity of Technology Hari,Johann, About Drug insurance Australia(2018) Drug Policy Australia Hall,Wayne, Pacula Liccardo, Rosalie, Cannabis Use and dependance Public Health andPublic Policy (The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 2003)Hughes,Caitlyn, Alex Stevens, What Can We Learn From The Portuguese Decriminalizationof Illicit Drugs? (21 July 2010) TheBritish journal of CriminologyGettman,Jon, Top 10 Marijuana Policy Issues For2018 (2 January 2018) High Times Gotsis,Tom, Chris Angus and Lenny Roth, Illegal Drug Use and Possession CurrentPolicy and Debates (Briefing Paper No 4, NSW Parliamentary Research Services,2016)Featherston,James, Simon Lenton, Effects of theWestern Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme on Public Attitudes,Knowledge and Use Comparison of Pre- and Post-Change Data (2007) NationalDrug Research Institute Curtin and Curtin University of Technology Lee,Nicole, Alison Ritter, AustraliasRecreational Drug Po licies Arent Working, so What are the Options for Reform?(2 March 2016) The ConversationMostyn,Ben, Helen Gibbon and Nicholas Cowdery, The Criminalisation of Drugs and the bet for Alternative Approaches24(2) Criminal JusticeStateLibrary New South Wales, Drug Laws in NSW(29 October 2015)http//legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au/drugs-and-law-hot-topics/drug-laws-nswStateLibrary New South Wales, Drug Offences(1 October 2016) StephenOdgers, column Drug Law Reform (2014) 38(6) Criminal Law JournalKarapetian,Tadeh, Criminalisation of Cannabis in NewSouth Wales Is Harm Minimisation Going Up in polecat? (2017) University ofNew South Wales Law Journal Student Series 17BCasesBurns v The Queen2012 HCA 35CLegislationDrug subvert and Trafficking Act 1985(NSW)Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act1966 (NSW)1 Ben Mostyn, HelenGibbon and Nicholas Cowdery, TheCriminalisation of Drugs and the Search for Alternative Approaches 24(2)Criminal Justice, 265.2 Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 (NSW)3 Drug Misus e and Trafficking Act 1985(NSW)4 Johann Hari, About Drug Policy Australia (2018) DrugPolicy Australia 5 Centrefor Medicinal Cannabis Research and Innovation, Review of the Medicinal Cannabis Compassionate Use Scheme (2016)NSW Government 6 Mostyn, preceding(prenominal) n 1, 265.7 Tadeh Karapetian, Criminalisation of Cannabis in New SouthWales Is Harm Minimisation Going Up in Smoke? (2017) University of NewSouth Wales Law Journal Student Series 17.8 Ibid.9Caitlin Hughes andAlison Ritter, A Summary of DiversionPrograms for Drug and Drug-Related Offenders in Australia (2008) NationalDrug and Alcohol Research Centre 10 Tom Gotsis, Chris Angusand Lenny Roth, Illegal Drug Use andPossession Current Policy and Debates (Briefing Paper No 4, NSWParliamentary Research Services, 2016) 19.11 Karapetian,above n 9.12 Burns v The Queen 2012HCA 35.13 Mostyn, above n 7,26414 Ibid.15 Ibid.16 Wayne Hall, RosalieLiccardo Pacula, Cannabis Use andDependence Public Health and Public Policy (The Press Syndic ate of theUniversity of Cambridge, 2003) 4.17Gotsis, above n 12.18 Ibid.19 Ibid.20 Lee, above n 18, 26.21 Caitlin Hughes, AlexStevens, What Can We Learn From The Portuguese Decriminalization of IllicitDrugs? (21 July 2010) The British Journal of Criminology 50(6)22 Ibid.23 James Featherston,Simon Lenton, Effects of the WesternAustralian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledgeand Use Comparison of Pre- and Post-Change Data (2007) National DrugResearch Institute Curtin and Curtin University of Technology 50-62.24 Lee, above n 18, 26.25 Ibid.26 Ibid.27 AustralianInstitute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government, Alcohol & other drug treatment services (2018)28 Karapetian, above n, 9.29 Mostyn,above n 1, 262.30 StephenOdgers, Editorial Drug Law Reform(2014) 38(6) Criminal Law Journal, 335.31 Ibid.32 Ibid. 33 Mostyn, above n 1, 269.34 Lee,above n 18, 2635 Ibid.

A Child Labour In India Children And Young People Essay

A boor Labour In India kidren And Young People EssayChild cut into is undoubtedly a tender-hearted rights issue. It is not altogether exploitative but also endangers electric s rushrrens physical, cognitive, emotional, friendly, and moral development. It perpetuates poverty because a babe wear out, deprived of education or healthy physical development, is likely to become an vainglorious with low earning prospects.1This is a vicious cycle which apart from ruining the lives of many results in an overall(a) backwardness in the masses.Moreover, conceptualising sister confinement as a human rights issue gives the victim with the authority to hold violators liable. tender rights generate legal grounds for political activity and expression, because they entail greater moral gist than ordinary legal obligations. Children atomic number 18 right holders with the potential to make valuable contributions to their own present and future well being as well as to the social and sc otch development of the association and thus they should under no circumstances be perceived as passive and vulnerable.Today, traditionally prescribed interventions against child labour which were welfare based like providing a minimum board for piece of work are being replaced by rights-based approach. A rights-based approach to child labour needs to be adopted which puts internationally recognized rights of children to the center while utilizing UDHR, ICCPR and ICESCR as a supportive framework. Child labour is a condition from which the children have a right to be free and it is not merely an option for which regulating standards must be devised.In this paper we shall firstly trace the late orientation of child labour laws to include human rights perspective internationally, and then evaluate current Indian laws and policies from a human rights perspectiveII. A Human rights approach to child labourInitially, scholars were unsure over extending human rights to children.2 For in stance, the 1948 Universal solving of Human Rights (UDHR) emphasises that everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set out in the declaration but makes no age qualification to the same. So it is unclear whether it extends to children. However, Art.4 of UDHR has been interpreted as prohibiting exploitation of child labour by interpreting servitude to include child labour.3In addition, articles 23 and 26 of the coupled Nations Universal closure of Human Rights seek to guarantee just and favorable conditions of work and the right to education, both of which are violated constantly and globally through and through the exercise of the worst unionizes of child labor.In 1966 the International agreement on economic, social and cultural rights (ICESCR) and International Covenant on civil and political rights (ICCPR) took significant preliminary steps towards modifying human rights according to age, by defining childhood as a state requiring particular(a) protection, with rig hts distinct to those of large(p)s.4 Even so it was not until 1989 that the radiation diagram on Rights of Children (CRC) clearly spelt out the rights of the child while giving them a special stead apart from the adults.Thus, it should not be surprising that early international legal efforts to address child labour tended to be abolitionist in tone and interact as an aspect of labour market ordination.5 Next, a prioritization approach was adopted where concentration was on the more than abusive forms of child labour. So the ILO adopted congregation 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, 1999, aimed at the neighboring(a) elimination of intolerable forms of child labor. The crowd requires signatories to work with business groups to identify hazardous6 forms of child labor and inject time-bound programs for eliminating them.Conventions 138 and 182 are recognised as core International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions but unfortunately human rights groups have done much to criticise it. They entreat that this artificial division of hazardous and non-hazardous forms of child labour is artificial and made only for the benefit of labour regulations. Child labour in any form is very harmful and exploitative for the children.7Secondly, child labour, as defined by ILO is work done by children under the age of 12 work by children under the age of 15 that prevents school attendance and work by children under the age of 18 that is hazardous to their physical or mental health. It is an economic activity or work that interferes with the completion of a childs education or that is harmful to children in any way.8Such an age based classification is incongruous and is poop time.9 The right to a childhood cannot be replaced by placing such age barriers which imply at least some work could be done by children at even age 12 Where is the best interest of child seen in such laws?Fortunately, a human rights approach to child labour was concisely adopted by Conventio n on Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989. Such rules focus not only on the avoidance of harm to children but as well, on regulation of appointment relationship in which working children find themselves and beyond that, on rights of children to education and to participate in decisions that affect their lives, including those related to their employment. This holistic view of child labour as only a part of a childs life is principally what sets human rights approach apart from the labour regulation approach.10 However, some critique of CRC feel that categorizing child labour as a special category has trivialized their rights and have made them weak and in need of an adult advocate. Conversely, the defenders of CRC argue that it is through this classification that children gain more rights with legally recognized interests which are specific to their stage in life cycle.The slavery convention, 1926 and Supplementary convention on abolition of slavery, the slave trade, institutions and practices similar to slave trade, 1956 entered into force in 1957 prohibits slavery like practice under Art 1. In recent multiplication Child labour has been read as a slave like practice as it involves economic exploitation. Since children are more vulnerable than adults and are strung-out on their parents, it can be assumed that when they are economically exploited by their parents or by their consent, the decree of dependency necessary for work to b qualified as slavery like practice will be attained in most cases.In the light of ICCPR (art 8(2)) and Supplementary convention on abolition of slavery, the slave trade, institutions and practices similar to slave trade, 1956, Art.4 of UDHR should be interpreted as prohibiting exploitation of child labour as child labour comes under servitude. Child labour also comes under the term forced or compulsory labour in Art.8(3) of ICCPR. The obligations of state parties under art 8 are immediate and absolute. Thus state parties have to prev ent private parties from violating child labour norms. Art 24, ICCPR obliges the state to protect children from economic exploitation.III. Convention on rights of childUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate a full range of human rights such as civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights for children. The Convention offers a vision of the child as an individual and as a member of a family and community, with rights and responsibilities appropriate to his or her age and stage of development. By recognizing childrens rights in this way, the Convention firmly sets the focus on the whole child.The Convention under Art.32 speaks of economic exploitation of children by making them complete work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the childs education, or to be harmful to the childs health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. The Convention spells out a chil ds right to education11, as well as identifying the forms of harm to which children should not be exposed. Other rights abandoned to children include right to the enjoyment of the highest getatable standard of health and to abolish traditional practices that are prejudicial to childrens health (Article 24), a right to a standard of living adequate for the childs physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development parents have the main responsibility for this, but governments are required within their means to assist parents, as well as to provide natural assistance and support in case of need(Article 27) and a right to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child. Article 22 specifies that refugee children have the same rights as all different children.Article 6 of the convention makes it the obligation of the governments to ensure that children are able to survive and develop to the utmost extent possible while Articl e 11 urges governments to prevent the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad. Under Article 19, Governments must take action to protect children against all forms of physical or mental violence, injury, abuse, neglect, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse12 and must provide special protection and assistance to children who are deprived of their own family surround under article 20. Article 35, requires governments to take action to prevent children from being trafficked while articles Article 36 and 39 requires governments to protect children against all other forms of exploitation prejudicial to any aspects of the childs welfare and to help children recover from exploitation, neglect or abuse (particularly their physical and psychological recovery and return and reintegration into the communities they come from).Two other provision in the Convention are also vitally important for working children. Article 3 says government agencies and other institution s taking action concerning a child or children must base their decisions on what is in the childrens best interests. Article 12 emphasises that when a child is capable of forming his or her views, these should be given due attention, in accordance with the childs age and maturity.Other conventions of interest include Optional protocol to the convention on rights of child on sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and Optional protocol to the convention on rights of child on the involvement of children in armed conflict both adopted in May, 2000.IV. India and its International commitmentsIndia has ratified six ILO conventions13 relating to child labour but have not ratified the core ILO conventions on minimum age for employment (convention 138) and the worst forms of child labour, (convention 182) recognised as the core conventions at the international labour conference which makes it mandatory for the international community to follow certain standards in their cr usade against child labour. Nevertheless, India has taken commendable steps to eliminate child labour.The recent right of children to free and compulsory education Act, 2009 and the preceding 86th amendment exemplifies the same. Furthermore, the passing of new-fashioned Justice (care and protection) Act, 2006 shows Indias commitment to a human rights approach to child labour. The Act emphasises on looking into the best interests of the child and allows for social reintegration of child victims.In such a scenario India not signing the core labour conventions does not make a difference in the fight against child labour. India is a party to the UNdeclaration on the Rights of the Child 1959. India is also a signatory to the foundation Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. More, importantly India ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 12 November 1992.14Other important international initiatives against child labour include the adoption of t he first Forced Labor Convention (ILO, No. 29), 1930, Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action renders that a crime against a child in one place is a crime anywhere, 1996, establishment of 12 June as the World Day Against Child Labor in 2002 by ILO and the first global economic study on the costs and benefits of elimination of child labour.15V. Indian laws on child labourThe present regime of laws in India relating to child labour are consistent with the International labour conference resolution of 1979 which calls for combination of preventive measures and measures for humanising child labour wherever it cannot be immediately outrun.16In 1986 Child labour (Prohibition and regulation) Act was passed, which defines a child as a person who has not completed 14 years of age. The act also states that no child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A or in the process set forth in Part B, except in the process of family based work or reco gnised school based activities. Through a notification dated 27 January 1999, the schedule has been substantially enlarged to add 6 more occupations and 33 processes to schedule, bringing the total to 13 occupations and 51 processes respectively. The government has amended the civil service (conduct) rules to prohibit employment of a child below 14 years by a government employee. Similar changes in state service rules have also been made.The framers of the Indian Constitution consciously incorporated pertinent provisions in the constitution to secure compulsory primary education as well as labour protection for children. If the provisions of child labour in international conventions such as ILO standards and CRC are compared with Indian standards, it can be said that Indian constitution articulates high standards in some esteem The constitution of India, under articles 23,24, 39 ( c) and (f), 45 and 21A guarantees a child free education, and prohibits trafficking and employment of children in factories etcetera The articles also protect children against exploitation and abuse. Equality provisions in the constitution authorises affirmative action policies on behalf of the child.The matter child labour policy (1987) set up national child labour projects in areas with high concentration of child labour in hazardous industries or occupations, to ensure that children are rescued from work and sent to bridge schools which facilitate mainstreaming. It is instantaneously recognised that every child out of school is a potential child labour and most programs working against child labour tries to ensure that every child gets an education and that children do not work in situations where they are exploited and deprived of a future. Similarly, there are other programmes like National authority for elimination of child labour, 1994 (NAECL) and National resource centre on child labour, 1993 (NRCCL). Recently, government of India notified domestic child labour, and chil d labour in dhabas, hotels, eateries, spas and places of pastime as hazardous under the child labour (prohibition and regulation) Act, 1986, effective from 10-10-2006.National human rights commission has played an important role in taking up cases of worst forms of child labour like bonded labour. In 1991 in a silk weaving village of Karnataka called Magdi it held an open hearing which greatly sensitised the industry and civil societies. It also gave rise to new NCLP programmes.17VI. Judicial reflectionsJudiciary in India has taken a proactive stand in eradicating child labour. In the case of M.C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu and Ors18, this Court considered the causes for failure to implement the constitutional mandate vis--vis child labour. It was held that the State Government should see that adult member of family of child labour gets a job. The labour inspector shall have to see that working hours of child are not more than four to six hours a day and it receives education at least for two hours each day. The entire cost of education was to be borne by employer.The same was reiterated in Bandhua Mukti Morcha v.UOI19 and directions were given to the Government to convene meeting of pertain ministers of State for purpose of formulating policies for elimination of employment of children below 14 years and for providing necessary education, nutrition and medical facilities.It was observed in both the case that it is through education that the vicious cycle of poverty and child labour can be broken. Further, well-planned, poverty-focussed alleviation, development and imposition of trade actions in employment of the children must be undertaken. Total banishment of employment may drive the children and mass them up into destitution and other mischievous environment, making them vagrant, hard criminals and prone to social risks etc. Immediate ban of child labour would be both unrealistic and counter-productive. Ban of employment of children must begin from most hazardous and intolerable activities like slavery, bonded labour, trafficking, prostitution, pornography and dangerous forms of labour and the like.20Also, in case of PUCL v. UOI and Ors21 children below 15 years forced to work as bonded labour was held to be violative of Article 21 and hence the children were to be compensated. The court further observed that such a claim in public law for compensation for contravention of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the protection of which is guaranteed in the Constitution, is an acknowledged remedy for enforcement and protection of such rights.However, Human rights experts criticise the scheme of payment of compensation envisage in Child labour act and further adopted by the Judiciary with gusto.22 They say that monetary compensation is like washing away ones conscious which still believes that if a child labour is sent to school he must be compensated for the amount which he might have got if he had worked instead. This only confuses the already divided opinion of the society today which still thinks that poor and needy children are better off working.VII. ConclusionsIndia has done well in enacting suitable legislations and policies to battle child labour. Nonetheless, its implementation at grass root level is very much deprivationing. The child labour laws today are like a bird-scarer which does not eliminate child labour but only shifts it geographically to other places, to other occupations like agriculture which may be less compensable or it might be still continued clandestinely.23 The lack of a specialised enforcement officer leads to lesser attention being given to child labour legislations. Furthermore, many of the child labour programmes remain poorly funded.Child labour is a complex problem which cannot be eliminated without first attacking it at the roots. Thus, poverty, unemployment, lack of social security schemes, illiteracy and the attitude of society need to be tackled first before any progr ess can be made. A scratch point can be to treat Child labour as a human rights problem and discouraging its manifestation in any form. If the society as such sees child labour as a social malaise, we will be much closer at achieving success.Lastly, there is a rope of debate over the age from which child labour should be banned. The ILO conventions do not give a definite age, 14 years seems to be the ecumenic understanding but CRC defines a child to be below 18 years. Right to education is for children below 14 years and Child labour is prohibit till age of 14 years. This brings the question as to whether children of age 14-18 years are to be denied basic human rights and are to be left vulnerable.

Feminism: A Constant Stride Towards Equality Essay -- Gender Studies

Women argon the only oppressed group in our society that lives in intimate association with their oppressors. -Evelyn CunninghamFeminism is an idea based on the hypothesis that women have the same human, political and social rights as men, furthermore, that women should have the same opportunities as men in their personal choices regarding careers, politics and expression (Reference.com). A womens liberationist text states the authors agenda for women in society as they relate to oppression by a patriarchal power structure and the concomitant formation of social standards and protocols. It points out deficiencies in society regarding equal opportunity, and the author will make certain the reader will be aware of this indigence (Bahar). In a work of fiction, the main character, or heroine, personifies the social struggle against male domination. Unfortunately, feminism is said to have too many negative connotations and gum olibanum it seems the term, and therefore the movement, is restricted by the glass ceiling, of which it aims to fight (Ferguson). Numerous works which we explored throughout the semester possess characteristics of feminist works, in particular, the short story The Yellow wallpaper, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A Good Man is Hard to Find, written by Flannery OConnor. These are both considered feminist texts because they aim to salute women as stronger, more independent subjects, and to defy the norms that have been created by men in the past. The feministic ideas that are touched upon help to strengthen the works as puff up as critique modern society. The Yellow Wallpaper tells a story about a womans struggles against male-centric thinking and societal norms. Feminist allusions are abundant throughout this s... ...y 36.3 (2011) 733-757. Literary Reference Center. Web. 11 Apr. 2012.Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. 1912. Making Literature Matter An Anthology For Readers and Writers. 5th ed. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 954-968. Print.Hinely, Susan. Charlotte Wilson, the Woman Question, and the Meanings of Anarchist socialism in Late Victorian Radicalism. International Review of Social History 57.1 (2012) 3-36. ProQuest Military Collection ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Social Science Journals. Web. 10 Apr. 2012.OConnor, Flannery. A Good Man Is Hard To Find. 1955. Making Literature Matter An Anthology For Readers and Writers. 5th ed. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 1283-1296. Print.Reference.com - A Free Online Encyclopedia & Information Reference. Reference.com. Web. 8 Apr. 2012. .

Human Resources :: Management Employment Essays

Human ResourcesWith todays workforce becoming increasingly diverse and organizations doing more than to maximize the benefits of the differences in employees, Human Resource managers are evolving from the old school sideline player to the front-line fighters. Organizations are relying on managers to get the people who get the melodic line d unrivalled, and of course, make the company money. People have al ways been central to organizations, but their strategic importance is growing in todays knowledge-based business world like neer before. An organizations success increasingly depends on the knowledge, skills, and abilities of its employees, particularly as they help establish a set of core competencies which distinguish one organization from its competitors. When employees talents are valu fitting, rare, vexed to imitate and organize, an organization can achieve a sustained competitive advantage. In order to compete through people, an organization has to be able to do a good job of managing their human capital the knowledge, skills, and capabilities that add value to the organizations. Managers must develop strategies for identifying, recruiting, and hiring the best talent available. Develop these individuals in ways that are specific to the needs of their individual firms, encourage them to generate new ideas while familiarizing them with the company strategies, invite information sharing, and rewarding collaboration and team up work. The basis on which compensation buckle underments are determined, and the way they are administered, can significantly affect employee productivity and the achievement of organizational goals. Establishing compensation programs require both(prenominal) large and small organizations to consider specific goals. Employee retention, compensation distribution and adherence to the budget must be carefully weighted against the overall organizational goals and expectations. remuneration must reward employees for past performance while serving as a motivation tool for future performances. Internal and external equity of the pay program will affect employees concepts of fairness. Organizations must balance each of the concerns while still remaining competitive. For internal equity an organization can use one of the basic job evaluation techniques to determine relative worth of job. The most common are the ranking and classification methods. The job ranking system arranges jobs in numerical order on the basis of the importance of the jobs duties and responsibilities to the organization. Job classification slots jobs into preestablished grades with higher rated grades requiring more responsibilities, working conditions, and job duties. External equity can be determined by a wage survey. Data obtained from the surveys will facilitate establishing the organizations wage policy while ensuring that the employer does not pay more, or less, than needed for jobs in the relevant labor market.